Caravaggio

Aggravating Michelangelo Aggravating, greatest Italian Baroque artist, was born in 1573. He had a complex character and a trouble personality, which he often got drunk and got involve into a fight. In 1605, he committed a murder and was sentence to death but he had been working in major Churches of Rome. Therefore, he had an important friend, Cardinal Del Monte, who became his sponsor and helped him to escape from Rome to Naples, where he was still painting a lot of incredible works. In 1610, Aggravating was granted pardon by the pope, so he decided to go back to Rome.Unfortunately, he had a fever and died at the beach. Aggravating introduced new style of painting called Naturalism, painting people and things truly as they are while Renaissance period tried to paint everyone and everything looks beautiful, beautiful clothes, good looking, flower in bloom and fruit seem ready to eat, However Aggravating painted ugly people, poor people in old ragged clothes, flower that was dying or f ruit that was going rotten. He tried to keep his painted away from ideal of beauty. This is a new idea, which was new development of Western art, to think as they are.Aggravating had many works focus on portrait of low life, that was not only mean poor people, but also people getting drunk, prostitute, gambler, people getting fight and illegal activities. He had a lot of famous work firstly was David and Goliath, David holding the head of Goliath, which Goliath head was his self-portrait because Aggravating has been sentence to death; his head should be cut off, but he escape before, Therefore he painted David show pity for giant and that for made people feel pity for him. Secondly, SST.Mathews Martyrdom, another famous picture, was a new way of painting. Murderer was in a center and the light was focus on murderer not a Saint. Thirdly, Cardsharps, gambling picture, was a picture of rich boy cheated by poor boy, who had extra cards tucked in his belt behind his back, and old man, wh o was peering over rich boys shoulder and signaling to his young accomplice. He also had a lot of another famous work such as the artist as Bacchus (god of wine), Judith deadheading Holystones, The betrayal of Christ, Doubting Thomas, and The Conversion of SST.Paul etc. Many of his theme disturbing violence, murder and execution but people can drown by his picture more than Renaissance period, that even a picture was extremely beautiful, people often felt separate from the painting. People may admire the picture of people falling into the hell in The Last Judgment by Michelangelo, but they did not feel really threaten by it unlike Aggravating painting. Aggravating By Peppy

Michelangelo Sistine chapel how is it humanism Essay

Pope Julius II asked Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine (sins-teen) chapel in 1508. The chapel was Built by Pope Sixtus IV in 1481. Which happened to be in the Vatican, is known to be the pope’s headquarters in Rome. The chapel measuring in at 130 feet long and 44 feet wide – was a large undertaking to paint. The Sistine chapel particularly important to pope Julius II, since it was the site in which cardinals met to elect new people. Four three years (1508 – 1511) Michelangelo climbed scaffolding in the chapel to his perch about 65 feet above the chapels floor. From This perch, he painted more then 300 massive human figures onto the 5,8000 square-foot ceiling. It was messy, tiring work. Michelangelo wrote the following pome vividly describing his daily agony. My stomach is thrust toward my chin, My beard curls up, toward the sky, My head leans right over into my back, my chest is like that of an old shrew, The brush endlessly dripping onto my face, Has coated it with a multi-colored paving. Though as the paint dribbled into his eyes and down his face Michelangelo never lost sight of his inspiring design. The ceiling contains nine paintings illustrating the creation (Separation of Light From Darkness, Creation of the Moon, Stars, and Planets, and Separation of Land and Water), the story of Adam (Creation of Adam, Creation of Eve, and The Temptation and Fall), and the story of Noah (Noah’s Sacrifice, and The Flood, Drunkenness of Noah). Toward the center, he painted the scene that was meant to compel the viewer’s attention. This scene â€Å"The Creation of Adam† God is reaching out to infuse the spirit of life into Adam, the first man. One art historian  pointed out, â€Å"An electric charge seemed to pass between their fingers.† Humanists combined respect for classical learning with supreme confidence in human ability. Michelangelo’s painting represents humanism in the way it glorified the beauty and order in nature, while in older medieval paintings contained only temptation and evil. They thought of Humans are almost equals of god and believed that the powers of the human race should be glorified, in the 300 magnificent human paintings you can spot just how Michelangelo showed this love for the human power. â€Å"The Creation of Adam† shows god touching Adam, the two share an electric charge between the two finger tips. I think this shows that god gave humans power to be equals. Adam in the nude, signifies celebration of the human body proving just how wonderful, strong and beautiful it really is. Michelangelo brought humanism to us though his beautiful painting, showing that not only god can crate things beautiful but the common man can too.

How after school programs benefit children and their educational experience

As societies continue to modernize and become more complicated, the pressure to work harder and to succeed also increases especially so with stiffer competition brought about globalization.Because of this, most families have both parents working to support their financial needs.   With both parents busy working, many of the studying children become susceptible to engage in unpleasant activities without adults attending or monitoring them after school.Because they often return to an empty house, they can freely engage into any activities regardless of whether they are beneficial or dangerous to them.And true enough, the prime time for juvenile crime during school days, where children were either the perpetrators or victims, is at its peak between from 3 PM to 6 PM. â€Å"The crimes that occur then are serious and violent, including murders, rapes, robberies, and aggravated assaults.† (Newman, et al, 2000, p2)In response to this pressing concern and relieve parents of their wo rries about their children’s safety and proneness to commit crime, after school programs were designed to prevent the children away from trouble and instead engage them into more productive activities that are beneficial to their overall growth and development.After School ProgramsAfter-school programs are special activities conducted regularly in the hours after school designed for children to learn new skills and contribute for their development as responsible people or adults.According to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families, after school programs can be classified under four broad categories namely: Academics & Enrichment, Community Service Projects, Field Trips and Physical Activity & Nutrition.Academics & Enrichment refers to extra-curricular activities that are incorporated in the students’ academic programs such as arts, Civics & Government, Health & Safety, Math, Science and History among others. An after school program in science for instance engages the students to television viewing of the Space program of NASA.Community Service Projects pertains to activities that are directly linked to community service.   A popular after school program under this category is Peace Corpse, an independent US federal agency that sends students and other volunteer workers abroad to work in organizational entities i.e. governments, NGO’s and schools in the areas of education, business, technology, environment among others.Field Trips are excursions for students that permit them to have a first hand experience of what they learn in school. This includes a visit to Zoos, museums and parks. It affords students first hand experience of concepts, ideas and other things that helps enhance the learning experience.   For one, seeing a picture of lion in the book is different from seeing a real life lion in Zoo.Finally, Physical Activity & Nutrition refers to programs that are related to sports i.e. bas ketball, athletics, exercise nutrition i.e. culinary arts and cooking and health. A category in health is made to give emphasis to its importance. Human life is our highest value and the concept of health is fundamental to life. And this must start in the basic education of the youth.Benefits of After School ProgramsIt keeps children on the Right Track.   The children’s engagement or involvement in after school programs dissuades children from antisocial or delinquent activities and becoming victims of crime and violence, which predominantly occurs approximately during after school hours. â€Å"Latchkey† children or those who are expected to stay at home alone after school are at high risk of health hazardous behavior such as substance abuse i.e. drugs, smoking and alcoholism, because there are no adults to guide them appropriately.   (Chung, 2000)   Ã¢â‚¬Å"An idle mind is the devil's playground†.Children without adult guidance tend to experiment on things out of curiosity such as smoking or taking drugs which can eventually lead to vice or addiction. Being busy helps children to stay out of trouble. (Kessler, 2000, pp40-42)After-school programs can shift the attention of children from such vices to positive and healthy alternatives.   Finally, it helps in decreasing television watching thus preventing sedentary predilection that leads to obesity, or the absorption of violence that is freely accessible in the media.It enhances Academic Achievement. After school programs serve to supplement and complement the formal learning that academic institutions provide in school. Seeing things in real life or concepts in their actual applications allow children to see the value of education thereby fostering interest of studies.After school activities also are directly involve in skills building and developing such as reading. â€Å"Some program is intended to enhance work-study habits, social skills, social consciousness, working with peers, following instructions, and problem solving†. (Fashola 2001, p28).   Ã‚  The more enthusiastic children are on their studies and the more they are given the right skills for learning improves the quality of their academic learning and achievementIt promotes social development.   The social exposure provided by after school programs help children to deal with people more appropriately.   This includes improving how they conduct themselves as a person and in relation to others, which in turn boosts their self confidence.

2008 Financial Crisis - Analysis Of Causes And Implications Essay

2008 Financial Crisis - Analysis Of Causes And Implications - Essay Example Qualitative data includes position papers, articles from academic journals and business media that shed light on the crisis, its causes and its impact on the various stakeholders. The quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed to understand the causal, relational and descriptive aspects of the research question: 1. What are the causes of the 2008 financial crisis? 2. How are these causes related? 3. How did the crisis affect the major stakeholders of the global economy? Literature Review One challenging aspect of writing this paper was selecting from a wide range of available literature on the subject, each one proposing a unique perspective on the causes and effects of the 2008 financial crisis. Included are articles by a wide range of academics, Nobel Prize-winning economists, hands-on managers, legal theoreticians and practitioners, investigative journalists, politicians, accountants, public and private bankers, labor law experts, and engineers. For this paper, the researcher looked at reference books, journal articles and working papers in economics, financial management and accounting, newspaper articles and the Report of two government bodies enacted by law. Many authors, some better known, were not included because they were published later or duplicated the analysis found in the earlier works. The earliest references predicted the economic crises before it happened. University of Chicago economics professor Rajan (345-46) warned in a speech before the Federal Reserve of Kansas in 2005 of â€Å"excessive risk taking in financial markets and the possibility of a full-scale financial blowout.† NYU Prof. Roubini... One challenging aspect of writing this paper was selected from a wide range of available literature on the subject, each one proposing a unique perspective on the causes and effects of the 2008 financial crisis. Included are articles by a wide range of academics, Nobel Prize-winning economists, hands-on managers, legal theoreticians and practitioners, investigative journalists, politicians, accountants, public and private bankers, labor law experts, and engineers. For this paper, the researcher looked at reference books, journal articles and working papers in economics, financial management and accounting, newspaper articles and the Report of two government bodies enacted by law. Many authors, some better known, were not included because they were published later or duplicated the analysis found in the earlier works. The earliest references predicted the economic crises before it happened. University of Chicago economics professor Rajan warned in a speech before the Federal Reserve of Kansas in 2005 of â€Å"excessive risk-taking in financial markets and the possibility of a full-scale financial blowout†. Roubini followed almost a year later in a speech before the staff of the International Monetary Fund, when he warned that there was â€Å"a more than 50 percent risk of a U.S. recession the following year, because, over the past several years, U.S. consumers had gone on a spending binge, with many using their home equity as an â€Å"ATM† . In 2007, BIS reported: â€Å"the world economy was in danger of a major slump†.

Media Technologies and convergence Raymond Williams Essay

Media Technologies and convergence Raymond Williams - Essay Example Raymond Williams is strongly opposed to Marshall McLuhan’s analysis that the world has been altered by television, which is intended to mean that watching television reduces one’s intelligence quotient (IQ). Although McLuhan’s line of thought is somehow consistent with experience in the media, Williams argues that it would be overly deterministic to believe in the precepts of this model. On this point, Williams’ line of thought makes quite a lot of sense because some television programs are greatly educative and laden with facts. The implication is that the society can learn a great deal from these facts and effectively develop their IQs. Technological determinism assumes that technological advancement is an accidental, self-driven process. It pre-supposes that the advancements are never pre-determined by external forces. However, most of the technological developments arise as a result of the needs (either real or perceived) of the society. This way, technology is the ultimate result of many years of carefully designed research. Put differently, the kind of technology that develops in a particular place is normally related to the challenges associated with the place. Technology is, therefore, aimed at providing definitive solutions to the needs and challenges of the society. Williams reinforces this point further by making reference to some television-related inventions such as the electric eye, the copying telegraph, the cathode-ray tube, and the scanning system. The details of these inventions show clearly that discovery of the modern television had been long foreseen, and it was in the process of being perfected. One of the challenges that had motivated the conception and subsequent realisation of these inventions is pressure that came with the expanding business and military operations; a situation that demanded a faster and robust broadcasting platform. Raymond Williams emphasises the value of technology in influencing the cultural perception of television. In doing this, he resists the assertions of McLuhan that the message lies in the medium. Williams reasons that if the medium is the message, then the human component would have been left out of the broadcasting system. Williams further argues that contrary to McLuhan’s beliefs, viewers have the will and ability to alter and or pre-determine the otherwise latent logic of technology and history. This is attributable to two factors: first is that television is part of human life, and second

Comparison of Charter and Choice schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparison of Charter and Choice schools - Essay Example The parents will get chance for choosing the best educational program for their child. These are basically the public school which offer inter - district school choice program to the public. Charter school does not receive any kind of funding for their facilities. It cannot access those funds which are available under public school construction program in New Jersey. These schools are funded by tax payer dollars. These are free like any other public school in New Jersey. Most of charter schools in New Jersey are less than five years old and smaller in size than the other public school or choice school. These schools are running by getting help from the large and small companies in the country, community group, parents of the student, teachers etc. As these are non profit entity so they can serve educational facilities to limited number of students (Rofes and Stulberg, 2012). Choice school can get the opportunity to access fund which are available under public school construction program in New Jersey. These schools also get several options for funding activities. The state government is playing a crucial role in the funding activities for such kind of schools. This scho ol can also raise fund from the parents of the students. Various scholarship funds also help in this case. A charter school can be created through a proper, accurate and successful application which needs to submit to the New Jersey DOE. The proposal for opening a new school can be given to them or convert an existing public school to a charter school also can also take place. A public school will become chartered school only if the 51 % teaching staffs who are working in that school want this conversion and 51 % guardians or parents of the student want for the same. This conversion or starting a new school can be possible as per the guidelines of the New Jersey Charter School Program Act, 1995. The

Cocooning. Consumers are shielding themselves from the harsh, Term Paper

Cocooning. Consumers are shielding themselves from the harsh, unpredictable realities of the outside world and creating safe, - Term Paper Example Tutor Signature: Date: Cocooning: â€Å"Consumers are shielding themselves from the harsh, unpredictable realities of the outside world and creating safe, â€Å"homelike† environments†. Introduction The following research is related to the topic cocooning. The report includes the discussion about the term and its implications in the current consumer behavior. The research also includes the implications of the term and the factors impacting the consumer’s behavior. Finally a conclusion has been drawn in the research. Cocooning Cocooning can be said to be as the condition or trend when people socializing less and retreating themselves in their home more. This trend has become popular after the significant commercialization of the electronic shopping. The consumers are shielding themselves from the unpredictable and harsh realities of the outer world and are retreating themselves into the safe, cozy and home like environments. People are more looking at the home saf e home concept. People and consumers have changed their buying habits because of the high fear of the crimes and no longer like to shop after dark. People are highly frightened by what they see. All the people are looking for developing safer ways to guard themselves against the mad world by burring themselves deeper into the more protective shells and the safe places like cocoons (Moe, 2012). Consumer behavior is changing with a rapid pace. These trends are presenting threat and opportunities to the large variety of organizations. With the changing lifestyle of people the buying behavior of people are changing drastically. People are becoming more career oriented and have very less time for shopping and other activities. There is a high change in the cultural trends of the consumers buying behavior. The cocooning consumer behavior trend is taking high positions in this competitive market place. The behavior of the consumers is changing with a high pace. With the cocooning behavior taking place the organizations need to go online. The cocooning consumer’s behavior is promoting the online shopping trend, and this will take high priority in the coming period (Danziger, 2005). Cultural trends affecting the consumer behavior With the changes in the buying patterns and the promotion of the cocooning behavior of the people there is a high increase in the online shopping behavior of the people. People are all the markets are looking for convenient way of shopping from the comfort of their homes. The organizations are looking for alternatives using which they can easily grab the customers and can entertain the customers buying behavior. People buying behavior has changed drastically in the recent years they have adopted several online buying means like fingertip shopping etc. people are looking for places which acts like cocoon for them. They want everything in the comfort of their homes. The heart of the every cocoon is the bedroom and the bath. People want pl aces where they can easily distress and get recharged. Smart homes are the need of the day which can make the lives of the people easier. People are more attracted towards the ways which can make their shopping experience more pleasant and easy, as compared to the previous visiting system. People look the lives as the homes and gardens are the last places where they want to control their lives. People in the current market period want everything on a click. They do not want to visit the stores and look for buying things. People

Stem Cell Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Stem Cell Research - Essay Example In order to describe the problems related to stem cell it is important to know the general features of the stem cells. Stem cells are the basic unit of life for human beings through which other cells develop in them. These cells help to form organs and tissues in the human body and can thus be called the stem of human beings. These cells are now being researched upon so that they can be used in order to cure major health related diseases (Solo & Pressberg 2007). These stem cells are characteristically divided into adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are retrieved from the embryo of a human being whereas the adult stem cells can be found in the organs or skin of an adult. The issue arises in the process of retrieval of stem cells from the human embryo. It is here that the opponents of stem cell research put forward that the life of an innocent is being taken through this embryo whereas the proponents put forward that the life of the child has yet not begun in an embryo (Newton 2007; Stem Cell 2011). In my view stem cell research should be recognized and encouraged because it can lead to many breakthroughs in the world of science. According to scientists stem cell research can prove to bring about new medical therapies in the treatment of certain diseases which were previously considered to be incurable. Previously it was thought that the genetic and nervous disorders were incurable but nowadays with the help of stem cell research some of these disorders can be cured. These stem cells can replace the neurons in the body and can even repair the nervous system if they can be put to use. The stem cells can be integrated into the system of one’s body after which they have the capability to regenerate. This regeneration of stem cells can cause the neurons to form (Newton 2007; Solo & Pressberg 2007). However it is here that the question of morality arises regarding the stem cell research. In order to retrieve the stem cells it is nec essary that the outer covering of the stem cells known as trophoblast is removed. In this process the embryo dies and this creates a controversy in the ethical world. According to the opponents of stem cell research the killing of embryo is just like the killing of an innocent individual. Thus the innocent individual is being denied the right to live which every constitution allows him to (George & Gomez-Lobo 2002, 258). A five day embryo according to the opponents has a right to live and is innocent. The opponents of stem cell research also put forward that embryos which are being used in the research are at times donated and they can be used by infertile couples rather than being used for research purposes. If these infertile couples use these embryos they can bring a life to the world whereas if these embryos are used for research purposes they would definitely be killed. On the other hand the proponents of stem cell research have opposing views regarding the topic. According to them the stem cell research is done on a five day embryo which does not have any moral right because the embryo cannot even breathe. They put forward the fact that an embryo starts with the process of coordination when it is 16 days old whereas a five day old embryo does not even enter the process of coordination (Smith & Brogaard 2003). They also put forward that a five day embryo does not have the mental capability to think or manage which means that they are not yet recognized as individuals of the society. Regarding the infertile couples the proponent state that the embryos donated are not being used by these couples and are rather being killed in one way or the other. Abortion is a way through which these embryos are being killed in some cases. Hence it can be said that killing an embryo for a cause is

Commercial Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Commercial Law - Essay Example For the agreement to be effective, the assured has to inform the insurer of certain information about the thing that he or she wants to be insured. The assured can be an individual or a company and is expected by law to insure something that has money value. In other cases, the person or the company can insure a person who she or he values, for example, a wife insuring her husband. Scenario Steve is a customer who has an insurance policy to cover the house which he constructed in 1940. When he was agreeing with Home Protection Insurance to cover his house, he said that the house was built using concrete blocks but in reality it was built using straw bale. He failed to provide information on the strength of the building materials even though the company asked him. One month after getting the cover to protect his house, a severe storm damaged his house together with the items inside the house (Kelly, 1997). Analysis and facts Steve should have been aware of the following facts so that the Home Protection Insurance Company could compensate him when his house was damaged by a severe storm. The request to insure the house by Home Protection Insurance was intended by Steve but he forgot to disclose all the information concerning his house. For example, he did not mention that his house was very old and that it was built with materials that could not last long, therefore, increasing the risk to the company. If the company could have known this information by the time they were writing the policy they could have maybe increased the premium per month (Dobson, 1997). The communication between Steve and Home Protection insurance was not properly done and what was insured was not clearly described. The communication process was also not clear because the kind of damage which Steve insured against was not disclosed. For example, neither Steve nor the Home Insurance Company stated whether it was a fire insurance or burglary. Steve did not also take time to test whether the i nsurance cover could work for him before officially signing it. The law of insurance states that, â€Å"the alleged offer must be in force at the time when the other party purports to accept it.† The time taken before the insurance fully comes into force is important because the customer can gauge how well it can work for the intended needs. Steve did not take this into consideration when he was taking the cover (Ellison, 1997). The agreement between Home Insurance Company and Steve is important when claiming the insured value of money after damage has occurred. A detailed analysis of every factor that can arise and affect the agreement should have been discussed. The facts which are known to the Home Insurance Company about house insurance covers, should have been discussed. Home Protection Insurance Company is well experienced in issues dealing with house insurance and, therefore, it has fine details that people do not recognize when it comes to dealing with house covers. A nother important detail the law of insurance is concerned with, and that should be captured when formulating an insurance cover, is the information which is hidden. However, Home Insurance Company can get this information by deeply interviewing the customer (Dobbyn, 2003). Although the insurance company tried to interview Steve, most of

Business Proposal In Clear Hear Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Proposal In Clear Hear Scenario - Essay Example The decision will be based on the contribution earned or foregone by adopting an option. In the first option, the company looses a contribution of $11 and in the second option, the company can earn an additional contribution margin of $1 per unit. So, in order to maximize the revenue the company should accept OEMs offer to manufacture the remaining 30000 units. This will result in an additional revenue of $1500000. From the above figure, it can be seen that the companys contribution becomes negative, if Beta model is switched to Alpha. So, it is advised that the company should adopt the second option. This will help the company to maximize its revenue. By doing so, the company will also be able to make use of its excess capacity. For this, the company will not have to incur any further fixed costs. As a result of this the existing fixed costs will get distributed over the excess units. The utilization of the excess capacity will also lower the Average Cost (AC) of each unit. This is because the Total Cost will now be allocated over a large number of units resulting in a reduced AC. As the company does not have to incur any extra fixed cost for the excess 100000 units the profit will move up. For the additional units, the only cost that the company has to bear is the Variable Cost as the fixed costs remain fixed irrespective of the level of production. In order to reduce the cost of production, the company can lower the material cost by setting up production centers near the sources of supply. This will reduce the distribution cost and will thus lower the purchase cost of the material (Kobayshi, 2003). The company can also lower its overall costs by minimizing waste and ensuring efficient management of the available resources. By purchasing the goods in bulk quantity the company can avail the trade discounts which will reduce the cost of

Legal Dispute Resolution Process and Alternative Dispute Resolution Essay

Legal Dispute Resolution Process and Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms - Essay Example ies, Microsoft was involved in numerous high-profile legal matters, including cases against United States, European Union and various competitors, like Alcatel, Apple, Burst and Eolas. In all these cases, there was a trial because of errors mostly business managers, who were unwittingly giving names of products which have something with other peoples technology or for stealing other peoples technology, naming them as their own. Business Manager is required to know how and what to do when it comes to litigation must know the basics of the legal system of each country, especially the state of its rivals. Thus, the business manager of the Microsoft case against Eolas should know that for his company that trial is not worth it, and he should prevent it. Under the laws of rival’s state, judgment was in favor of Eolas, and Microsoft has lost 521 million

Documents of American History Essay Example for Free

Documents of American History Essay John Adams is an important figure in the history of this country at the most important time in its history: the time of its birth. He is a towering figure in American History and his accomplishments speak to protecting the rights of his fellow men, even if those men were British soldiers accused of shooting Americans as was the case with the Boston Massacre of 1770. John Adams served as minister to France in 1777 when at that time, the colonists badly needed French intervention if they ever hoped to win the American Revolution. Adams also had a contributing role in America’s Declaration of Independence as he was a vocal member of the Continental Congress. Adams also wrote the Massachusetts State Constitution, including its Bill of Rights. All of the above mentioned speak to the love of freedom and the protection of these rights to which Adams spoke so dearly. So then why during the 20th century, was Adams almost vilified compared to his friend and one time enemy Thomas Jefferson? It is peculiar how History seems to take sides over one issue of vilifies or glorifies one person above his real role in life.   Both Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln enjoyed such an honor during the latter half of the 19th century and into the 20th. Only recently, when it is almost certain, that Jefferson fathered children of a mixed breed, yet still owned 200 slaves at a time, when Adams spoke to the emancipation of slavery, does the playing field become more level. This is especially true with David McCullough’s book John Adams, which actually sparked a Congressional insight into the importance of John Adams and a rethinking by the American public, spoke about the legacy of a man who was vital to the survival of this new experiment called the American Republic. Adams is vilified to a certain degree for two actions: forcing his bitterness over the loss of the 1800 election, not to greet the incoming President as is the custom now, and the dreaded Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 which horrified Thomas Jefferson and helped lead to the one time best friends, not to speak to speak to each other for another twelve years. Both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson will be forever linked together in American history. The 2nd and 3rd presidents of The United States and one time best friends, who later became political rivals and has the distinction of dying on the same day; the 50 anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, were giants in the quest for American Independence. John Adams, twice, served as a diplomat to France both during the American Revolution as well as in the years immediately following the war. â€Å"Both Jefferson and Adams were very important times since historians later hailed French involvement in the American Revolution as what helped turned the tide of the war in the favor of the colonists.† (McCullough, 2001 p. 322) And as the war was nearing its end, John Adams wrote his state’s Constitution as well as its Bill of Rights. This Constitution, more than any other of its time, expanded these rights, to a greater degree than had been seen previously. Adams was instrumental in procuring the freedom of African Americans, who in Jefferson’s Virginia, would continue to be slaves or live in slave like conditions well after the end of the Civil War and despite the passage of the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments. But it would not be until the 20th century that such ironies were given their proper attention. â€Å"But it would be the passage of the 1798 Alien and Sedition Act that would puzzle and infuriate all those that had been a part of the construction of the Constitution’s Bill of Rights in 1791 and specifically, the 1st amendment which protected, among others, a person’s right of free speech.† (Burns, 1997) This meaning has been expanded over the years but then as well as now, its first usage was to protect one who criticized the government, from reprisal. The 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts seemed to come in stark contrast to this most sacred of rights within the American Constitution. It said: â€Å"That if any persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United States, which are or shall be directed by proper authority, or to impede the operation of any law of the United States Shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $5,000 or a term in prison between five months to six years.† (Commanger, 1947 p. 177) This Act would later be repealed only to see the light of day again in 1918 during WWI. But such measures, horrified Thomas Jefferson and in response, wrote along with his friend James Madison, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions which were in direct response to the Sedition Acts and portrayed the further split between the Federalist and Democratic Parties, made even wider by the personal disunion caused by Adams and Jefferson. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions stated that: â€Å"no power over freedom of religion, freedom of speech, or freedom of the press being delegated by the   United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, all lawful powers respecting the same did of right remain, and were reserved to the States, or to the people.† (Commanger, 1947 p. 179) This meant that Jefferson, always distrusting of big government and in line with his belief in states’ rights, proclaimed that the federal government had no jurisdiction in enforcing the Alien and Sedition Acts as well as the fact that such restrictions on human freedom was in express contradiction to the Constitution and the ideals in which the American Revolution was fought in the first place. Everyone who had been locked up or fined under the Alien and Sedition Act was either set free or reimbursed by the federal government along with written apologies when Thomas Jefferson took over as President in March of 1801.The feud between Jefferson and Adams, made even larger by the ugliness of the 1800 Presidential election, lasted until 1812, when both were out of public office. Jefferson started a correspondence with Adams in what would become one of the most poignant and heart filled pieces of American literature. They both reminisced about their time together, hoping that this experiment in human democracy called the United States was actually going to work or not. Apologies were not given but rather regret that so much time has been lost to two people that were so important to the nation as well as to each other, were expressed in the correspondence. And what has to be one of the greatest coincidences in American history, two giants of American freedom who did not always practice what they preached; Adams’ enforcement of the Alien and Sedition Acts, and Jefferson personally owning more than 200 slaves for most of his lifetime, but still responsible for the expansion of human rights in America, died on the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Each died while saying that the other still lives. They were both right in that respect.

Revolutions of 1848 and 1989

Revolutions of 1848 and 1989 The Revolutions of 1848 and 1989 had causes that were similar and different from one another, because they both started from the want to get rid of the old governmental system and replace it with a new one in sovereign states. However, one had food shortages that contributed the other did not. The revolutions 1848 were largely democratic in nature, with the aim of removing the old feudal structures and creating independent national states[1]. 1989 revolutions were to put an end to communism and create separate states in the process. In 1848 food shortages with the lower classes influenced the uprisings but not in 1989. The origins of these two events were very similar but 1848 had more influences then 1989. The 1848 and 1989 revolutions both stemmed from economic problems, but the cause of the problems were different between the time periods.   The economic conditions hurt the working class badly in 1848. A series of reforms were rejected by the monarchies, therefore pushing the working class to revolt into a revolution to change the government to better the conditions of the people[2]. In 1989 the same issues were going on however, the difference was the government of the Soviet Union had proposed reforms of economic policies, but they werent helpful to a lot of people due to the governments lack of resources[3]. The revolutions of 1848 and 1989 both came from the same issues economically, but had different causes. These two revolutions were in different locations, because one was western Europe and the other was eastern Europe. The revolutions of 1848 going across Europe included Germany, Italy, and France. In 1989 revolutions spread across eastern Europe which included countries like Estonia, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Lithuania. The citizens in these countries wanted virtually the same thing despite occurring on different sides of the continent. The location of these two revolutions were different but they wanted the same thing. These two revolutions fought for the belief in the same political ideology of democracy, but the revolutions of 1989 strived for it more than the revolutions of 1848. 1848 was fueled by the ideas of liberalism and democracy as was 1989. The two had different priorities when it came to this ideology. These ideas were a direct result from the ideas of the Enlightenment, such as the rights and the security of the constitutional rights the people were entitled to. The working class sought to gain more power in the revolutions of 1848[4]. The people not just the working class wanted to gain independent power from the Soviet Union during the revolutions of 1989. These two revolutions believed in democracy, but the revolutions of 1989 put a lot more weight on that than the 1848 revolutions. The major problem that led up to the revolutions of 1848 and 1989 were the tensions forming between societal superior and inferior groups or classes of people, but one was between non-governmental groups and the other was between governmental and non-governmental. The working class had major issues dealing with survival in poverty. In 1848 people of a higher-class status had or were taking resources that led to them being in that situation. The people of the lower class were of course angry about this and wanted change. In 1989 the government was the one withholding resources from the people because of shortages. Unrest occurred as a result and the people demanded change. The 1848 and 1989 revolutions resulted from tensions between social status groups, but between non-governmental groups and governmental and non-governmental. The outcome of the 1848 and 1989 revolutions had nations going in different directions than before, because the directions they chose had full participation from the people that supported the revolutions. In 1848 the industrious response to the growth of the population was parallel to the new population size after its revolution.[5] More people from rural areas were found moving to the cities to find work in the new industries that were created. In 1989 there was a growth of people in political parties that people supported. Even though most of them failed to meet the needs of the people, the idea of different parties was supported by the people[6]. The results of these revolutions went in different ways, but were still supported by the people. Despite originating from the same issues the revolution of 1848 and 1989 had different results, because the people of each country in the two revolutions went into different directions soon after they ended. Through each of the revolutions of 1848 and 1989 all of the countries had one major component in common, the struggling of the working class. The working class went through hard times the most during these two time periods, facing poverty and death itself. Both revolutions had people that pushed for change for the betterment of their countries. Tensions rose between the classes as well as between people and their government. The results of the 1989 revolutions was different, because it was a more prosperous ending for the people economically and politically than the 1848 revolutions. The revolutions of 1848 and 1989 both started from the same issues but they however started to go in different directions and resulted to the revolutions having completely different outcome from each other. [1] Stearns, Peter N. 1848: The Revolutionary Tide in Europe. Vol. 1. New York : W.W. Norton , 1974. Print. [2] Stearns, Peter N. 1848: The Revolutionary Tide in Europe. Vol. 1. New York : W.W. Norton , 1974. Print. [3] Sony, Ronald Grigor. Empire Falls: The Revolutions of 1989. The Nation. N.p., 28 Oct. 2009. Web. 20 Dec. 2016. [4] Stearns, Peter N. 1848: The Revolutionary Tide in Europe. Vol. 1. New York : W.W. Norton , 1974. Print. [5] Stearns, Peter N. 1848: The Revolutionary Tide in Europe. Vol. 1. New York : W.W. Norton , 1974. Print. [6] Sony, Ronald Grigor. Empire Falls: The Revolutions of 1989. The Nation. N.p., 28 Oct. 2009. Web. 20 Dec. 2016

Feminist Theories in Social Work

Feminist Theories in Social Work This research considers the application of feminist thought in social work practise.   Specific areas of consideration include the gap from social workers’ personal acceptance of feminist constructs and their use of such constructs in daily practise, the effects of perpetuation of hegemonic gender roles by social workers, and domestic violence victims perceptions of the effectiveness of social work based on the perspectives of their social workers as considered above.   This research further describes a focus group of college social work students who are also domestic violence victims. It records their perceptions of social workers’ worldviewsand the impact of such on service.   Conclusions include that there is asignificant gap between the understanding or acceptance of feministconstructs amongst social workers and its application in daily fieldpractise, that social workers are often likely to perpetuate hegemonicgender roles, and because of such perpetuation view domestic violencesituations as individual occurrences rather than part of a greatersocietal pattern of oppression, and that domestic violence survivorsfeel best served when work with them uses a feminist theoreticalframework. INTRODUCTION Feminism and social work have been associated for many years; however,although many social workers personally espouse working from a feministperspective, the systems of social work still favour work from atraditional or patriarchal perspective.   This research, therefore,seeks to first consider findings from previous study regarding thisphenomenon and the theoretical frameworks for both social work andfeminist thought.   In this light of information gleaned from thesefindings, it became apparent that hegemonic gender roles, a commontopic of feminist research, play a relevant part in work with survivorsof domestic violence.   Specifically, domestic violence survivors areoften directed, either explicitly or implicitly, that their situationis personal and should be considered and dealt with from a personal andpathological perspective rather than applying the tenets of feministthought that view such situations as manifestations of structural andpower problems in our greater society .This study then seeks to document whether this gap between social worktheory supportive of feminist worldviews and social work application ofpractise exists, and if so, how prevalent a gap it is.   This isaccomplished through use of a focus group of college students, all ofwhom have taken at least one course in social work theory and arethemselves domestic violence survivors who have been served, towhatever level of quality, by social workers.   Discussions within thefocus group involved ideas of gender roles and social worker advocacyof hegemonic gender roles, whether explicit or implicit.   The focusgroup then built on this foundation to consider group participants’experiences with social workers and whether they presented anindividual / pathological perspective of domestic violence, or whetherthey presented a perspective that consider the wider influence ofsociety and its systems.   This was further related to the effect ofsuch perceptions on the understanding of and service to groupparticipants at the time of intervention. LITERATURE REVIEW Feminism has emerged in the past thirty years as a viableworldview.   Dietz (2000), quoting Bunch (1980), defined feminism asâ€Å"transformational politics that aims at the dismantling of allpermanent power hierarchies in which one category of humans dominatesor controls another category of humans† (372).   â€Å"In the feminist andempowerment traditions, the personal is political, and individualchange and social change are seen as interdependent† (Deitz 2000,372).   Feminism contends it is not adequate to simply include women inthe world’s political and power systems, as these were designed by andfor men and therefore favour a highly masculinised mechanism forresponding to issues and require women working within these systems todo the same (Scott 1988, Moylan 2003).   Simply including women is notenough; society must give women’s experiences equal time andconsideration, eventually recasting the very meanings of the topics itconsiders (Scott 1988) .   Rather, feminism argues women must be engagedin both the system development and decision-making processes that shapeour society (Moylan 2003).   Consequently, one area where feminism has particularly challengedtraditional views is in the area of gender roles.   For example,Dominelli and McLeod (1989) examine the way in which social problemsare defined, recognising gender as particularly important inunderstanding client groups, and stress egalitarian relationshipsbetween therapists and clients.   Gender is also an importantconsideration of social work due to the patriarchal society that stilldominates most of our world.   This power framework rests on a basis ofhegemonic masculinity (Cohn and Enloe 2003).   Connell (1995) createdthe term ‘hegemonic masculinity’ to describe the valued definition ofmanhood in a society.   He argues that whilst there are multiplepossible masculinities in a culture, only one or a few are most valuedor considered ideal (Conn ell 1995).   This gender definition isconstructed both in relation to femininity and to other, subordinatedmasculinities, and is used to justify both men’s domination of women,and the hegemonically masculine man’s power over other men (Cohn andWeber 1999).Whilst women are increasingly being included in world systems, thesystems themselves still were designed for and operate by and for men.  Therefore, women who participate within the system must do so from maleparadigm, even if it is sometimes at odds with their own preferencesfor how to go about dealing with a situation (Cohn and Enloe 2003).Feminism historically is a â€Å"critique of male supremacy, the belief thatgender order was socially constructed and could not be changed† (Cott1989,205).   Masculinity is often defined as what is not feminine, andfemininity as what is not masculine, although understanding thedynamics of one requires considering both the workings of the other andthe relationship and overlap between the two (Cohn and Enloe 2003).  Masculine definitions are often based on strength, domination andviolence, whilst feminine on weakness, nurturing, compassion andpassitivity (Rabrenovic and Roskos 2001).   The result is pressure onmen adhering to a hegemonic definition of masculinity to view forms ofaddressing conflict other than a physical or masculine response asfeminine and a threat to their manhood (Moylan 2003).   The popular concept of gender holds that masculinity and femininityare unchanging expressions based on the chromosomal male and femalebodies (Butler 1990).   â€Å"Gender is assumed to be ‘hard-wired,’ at leastin part† (Hawkesworth 1997).   Masculine actions and desires for men andfeminine actions and desires for women alone are normal, thesemasculine and feminine traits are not a matter of choice, and allindividuals can be classified as one or the other (Hawkesworth 1997).  However, whilst our society men are considered strong and dominant, andwomen passive and nurturing, â€Å"the meanings of male and female bodiesdiffer from one culture to another, and change (even in our ownculture) over time† (Connell 1993, 75).   For example, there have beenâ€Å"periods in Western history when the modern convention that mensuppress displays of emotion did not apply at all, when men wereeffusive to their male friends and demonstrative about their feelings†(Connell 1993, 75).   â€Å"Masculinities and feminities are constructed oraccomplished in social processes such as child rearing, emotional andsexual relationships, work and politics† (Connell 1993, 75).Feminism, however, contends gender is a constructed by each culture,and as a social practice involves the incorporation of specificsymbols, which support or distort human potential (Hawkesworth 1997).  Ã‚  Gender is created through â€Å"discursively constrained performative acts,†and the repetition of these acts over time cr eates gender for theindividual in society (Butler 1990, x).   People learn to â€Å"act† likewomen or men are supposed to; women are taught to behave in a femininemanner, men are taught to act in a masculine manner.   This is oftenreinforced by authority figures, such as social workers.   Barnes (2003)cites a number of studies which find social workers often assume theâ€Å"disciplinary gaze† of notions of â€Å"what and how to be woman,†perpetuating traditional gender roles (149).  Ã‚   â€Å"Armed with rigid codesof gender appropriate behaviors, social workers often sought toregulate and mediate women’s interactions with the social, economic,and political world† (Barns 2003, 149).Feminism and social work share a number of similarities.   Both believeâ€Å"in the inherent worth and dignity of all persons, the value of processover product, the appreciation of unity-diversity, the importance ofconsidering the person-in- environment, and a commitment to personalempowerment and active participation in society as a means to bringabout meaningful social change† (Baretti 2001, 266-267).   Similarly,both feminism and social work address multiple approaches to handlingsituations, challenging the institutionalized oppression common in manypower structures and supporting â€Å"the reconceptualization andredistribution of that power† (Baretti 2001, 267).It follows that one impact of feminism on social work practise is theconsideration of issues from a societal rather than personalperspective.   For example, this might include viewing a domesticviolence situation not from the perspective that the family isdysfunctional, but from the perspective of the society that created thefamily.   The psychology-based focus of clinical social work â€Å"oftenleads to individualizing social problems, rather than to viewing themas the result of relations of power, primarily oppression and abuse†(Deitz 2000, 369).   As such, individuals experiencing such difficultiesare â€Å"taught† that their particular experiences are inappropriate,rather than addressing the systems that created the difficulties in thefirst place (Deitz 2000, 369).   Dominelli and McLeod (1989) re-evaluate social work practice from afeminist perspective, considering the functions of social work such astherapy, community interaction, and policy making not from apathological standpoint but from one of defined roles endorsed bysocietal conditions.   As such, they contend that working from afeminist perspective allows the social worker to address the causes ofsocial issues, rather than the symptoms played out in individual’slives (Dominelli and McLeod 1989).One area of difference in social work practise between those operatingfrom a feminist framework and a traditional framework is the concept ofdistance.   Traditionally, the â€Å"patriarchal bias against relationalityand connection† is intended to lead to â€Å"connection without harm, lovewithout power abuse, touching without sexual abuse in psychotherapy†(Deitz 2000, 377).   Unfortunately, in practise it often results inâ€Å"power over† relationships where those receiving services feel â€Å"lessthan† those providing them.   â€Å"Healing happens when someone feels seen,heard, held, and empowered, not when one is interpreted, held at adistance, and pathologized† (Deitz 2000, 377). Deitz (2000) finds thatsocial workers often institutionalize a â€Å"power over† stance fromprofessional training and discourse that constructs the identities ofclients as somehow disordered, dysfunctional or impaired.   â€Å"Whetherbetween parents and children; physicians and patients; social workersand consumers of services; Whites and Blacks; or heterosexuals andlesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgendered persons, power overrelationships give the dominant partners or group the right to definethe mean ings of subordinates’ experiences (including their resistance)and thus their opportunities for self-affirmation† (Deitz 2000,373).This creates professional relationships that ignore theenvironmental, historical, and social contexts of the problem, discountpeople’s strengths and resilience in assessment and intervention, andlead â€Å"to the objectification of people as diagnoses, rather than toempowerment† (Deitz 2000, 370).   â€Å"The keys to empowerment in feministmicro practice are reconnection and transformation through politicalactivity; survivors of oppression and abuse experience reconnectionthrough relationships based on mutuality, collaboration, andtrustworthiness† (Deitz 2000, 376).Theories from social work, psychology, and particularly developmentalpsychology describe empowerment as primarily a process, with thepersonal transformation of the individual becoming empowered at itsfoundation (Carr 2003, 8).   Barriers to empowerment and problems ofdisenfranchisement caused by powerlessness are primarily political,rather than psychological.   Powerlessness is defined as the inabilityto effectively manage one’s emotions, knowledge, skills, or resources;it is â€Å"derived from the absence of external supports and the existenceof ontological â€Å"power blocks† that become incorporated into a person’sdevelopment† (Carr 2003, 13).   As such, many survivors also work toreconnect to others in their communities, often seeking politicalactivity that â€Å"emphasizes the empowerment of others, such as byorganizing Take Back the Night marches or speak-outs, volunteering forcrisis hot lines, seeking legislative changes, or becoming socialworkers or human service professionals† (Deitz 2000, 376).For example, feminist work with abuse survivors â€Å"emphasizes therelationship between abuse and oppressive social relations (Deitz 2000,374).   On the other hand, the dominant clinical socia l work approach tooppression and abuse relocates the problem of oppression in victims.Psychological theories are typically employed, which â€Å"locates pathologyin individuals, rather than in oppressive relationships and systems,and considers the long-term effects of oppression to be symptoms ofindividual pathology† (Deitz 2000, 374).   Unfortunately, whilst manysocial workers have been exposed to or even personally supportoperating from a feminist framework, the systems in which they workprevent them from actively utilising feminist insight in their dailypractise.   RESEARCH PLAN This research seeks to study the prevalence and impact of traditionaland feminist practitioner constructs from the perspective of thoseserved.   Specifically, a focus group study will be conducted with agroup of college students, all of whom are currently studying socialwork and therefore have some concept regarding social work practice,feminist and traditional worldviews.   In addition, all students in thefocus group will have experienced domestic violence and have beenprovided the services of a social worker in some form during theirteenage years.Three areas of discussion will be undertaken by the group.   These willbe provided to individual group participants in writing several daysbefore the group in order for students to have time to consider whatthey would like to share regarding their opinions and own experiences.  The first group activity will involve creating definitions ofâ€Å"masculine† and â€Å"feminine† from the perspective of a typical socialwork er based on the students’ teenage experiences.   Students will thenbe asked to discuss where, if at all, they personally feel they andtheir family members who were involved in the domestic violencesituation(s) â€Å"fit† regarding these preconceived definitions.   It isanticipated some students will have been uncomfortable with societalconstraints they or their family experienced as teenagers.   As all arestudying social work, they are also anticipated to make moreconnections between societal power issues, hegemonic gender roles, andtheir influence on domestic violence than a focus group without suchbackground.   The third area of discussion will centre on how thestudents’ perceptions of their social worker(s) understanding of genderroles influenced their and their families reception of adequateservice. The researcher will both tape record and take notes on the groupdiscussions.   Data gathered from the group will then be compiled andanalysed.   In a ddition, students from the focus group will be given theoption to write a response to the group activity, if they so desire.  These will be further included in the group data. METHODOLOGY Data collection involved four means.   Prior to the group starting,each participant was given a questionnaire (see Appendix 3) to gatherbasic demographic information.   The questionnaire also asked for abrief summary of their abusive situation.   Regarding data collection ofthe group proceedings, as described above the focus group session wastape-recorded and the researcher took notes to supplement the recordingof group discussion.   The recorded sessions were then transcribed intoprint form, with research notes added in at the chronologicallyappropriate points of the transcription to provide a more completewritten overview of the focus group discussion.   In addition, groupparticipants had an option to write a response the group to be includedin the group data.   Four participants wrote responses, which wereconsidered with the group data following analysis of the focus groupdiscussion.   Participants were provided with the three areas of groupdiscussion several days pr ior to the actual focus group meeting.   Theywere not given any directions or guidance regarding the optionalwritten responses to the group activity.Data analysis first involved dividing and coding group data.   Responsesto the first topic of discussion were divided into three categories:  those representing a traditional worldview, those representing afeminist worldview, and those that did not clearly represent eitherworldview.   From these groupings, overall findings regarding theworldviews typically experienced by the group participants weresummarised.   This was then further compared with the definitions oftraditional gender roles identified by the group.Data from the second topic of discussion were also broken down intothose representing a traditional worldview, those representing afeminist worldview, and those that did not clearly represent eitherworldview.   It was important to then note participant perceptions andemotional responses to these codings, and in which worldview groupingthey and their families were reported to feel best served andempowered.   Data from the specific discussion regarding service were then similarlyanalysed, and combined with previous findings to present a picture ofthe impact of traditional versus feminist worldviews on social workpractise, emphasising work with teenage domestic violence survivors andtheir understanding of gender roles in society.   It was anticipated at the conclusion of such research, a view could beasserted as to whether feminist perspective has a significant impact onthe practise of social work as it is currently undertaken and whetherthis impact, if any, leads to improved service.As the focus group involved a relatively small number of participants(nine total) and data from their interactions were primarilyqualitative in nature, it was decided not to perform any complexstatistical analysis on focus group data.   It was felt that such typesof analysis would neither reveal findings that co uld be consideredstatistically significant nor provide a more accurate understanding ofthe issues under consideration than a more qualitative analyticalapproach.   In consideration of space and relevance portions of thediscussion were used to support conclusions in the findings andanalysis sections of this dissertation, whilst an overall summary ofthe most relevant portions of the discussion are included in Appendix2. IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT Nine students meeting the criteria laid out in the research planagreed to participate in the focus group.   They were primarilyorganised by one group participant, who had discovered other domesticviolence survivors through classroom discussions and throughparticipation in a survivors’ group in the local community.   All ninestudents were currently studying social work or had taken at least onesocial work course as part of a related course of study, such aseducation or criminal justice.   There were six women and three men,ranging in age from nineteen to twenty-seven.   Racially, seven wereCaucasian, one was Black, and one was Asian.   All present as comingfrom upper working class to middle class backgrounds.   All hadexperienced domestic violence as teenagers, making their experiencesfairly recent and therefore providing a relatively current depiction ofsocial work practise.   Five students (three women, two men) had beenremoved from their biological parents at s ome point during theirteenage years.   All had been involved in interventions into the familyby a social worker representing either a government organisation, or inthe case of one woman, a local church.   Some of the participants previously knew each other and were somewhataware of each other’s experiences, which should be considered in groupanalysis.   Five regularly participated in a survivors’ support group inthe community.   One man and one woman were cousins.   In addition, twoof the men had known each other as teenagers from intervention throughthe school system.Jennifer, a twenty-four year-old Caucasian woman, was chosen to be themoderator, as she had been the one who had assisted the researcher byarranging for most of the participants to become involved in thestudy.   The group then moved almost immediately into discussion of thetopics provided.   The group had been provided a whiteboard for its use,which Jennifer implemented to organise individua l comments and ideas.  It is surmised that the easy manner with which the group undertook thediscussion was based on the fact that they were all students andtherefore used to having study groups, group discussions, and the like,and that all of them had at least publicly shared their experiencespreviously, either as part of a classroom discussion or survivors’group, or both, and were therefore more comfortable in engaging in suchdiscussion than might be typical for a focus group dealing with suchexperiences. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS The first finding of this research is that the majority of socialworkers in service or domestic violence survivors to not consistentlyemploy feminist constructs in practise, despite the likelihood ofhaving been exposed to such constructs.   This manifested itself inthree significant ways.   First, families were overwhelming dealt withas individuals with problems.   That is, the abuser was described asmaking poor choices or having some type of pathological issues that ledto his or her decision to abuse (in one participant’s family, bothparents were abusive).   As such, the abuser was described from apsychoanalytical standpoint by the social worker(s), and his or herbehaviour labelled as individually deviant.   The survivors of the domestic violence situations, particularly themothers, as the majority of abusers from the groups’ experiences weremale family members or boyfriends of the mother, were also reported tobe consistently dealt with from an individual per spective.   In thissense, their behaviour was also reported to be categorised by thesocial workers involved as unhealthy, pathological, and coming fromsome sort of unresolved personal issues, such as low self-esteem.   Inthe case of only one participant did the social workers involved ineither intervention or therapy consistently relate the domesticviolence situation to broader issues of oppression, societal powerstructures and the related hegemonic gender roles, or patriarchal normsof society.   It is of note that this participant received service froma progressive women-helping-women organisation, rather than atraditional government-organised social work programme.  Group participants also repeatedly described their family situationsas unhealthy, and they certainly were, but from the perspective thatboth the abuser and abused were reacting or displaying emotioninappropriately, rather than that the motivation or norming behind thebehaviour was at fault.   For example, Tre nt described his mother asdrawn to violent, alcoholic men.   â€Å"She always seemed to go for theseguys that didn’t know how to express anything except by breaking stuff,yelling, hitting, you know.†Ã‚   His further descriptions of his mothers’boyfriends indicated an assumption that if these men had been raisedwith or taught proper means of dealing with their frustrations andemotions, the abuse to him and his mother would have been lessened oreliminated.   This idea was supported by at least one social worker, whosuggested counselling for Trent, his mother, and the then boyfriend asone possible way of addressing the abusive situation.Several participants did bring feminist theory and thought into groupdiscussion, pointing out, for example, that dominance or aggression bymen in any form was unhealthy, and questioning why it was only seen asunhealthy by most of the social workers they had encountered, and byothers they knew in the community, when physical viol ence was actuallyinvolved.   There was a related discussion, albeit brief, about the unwillingnessof neighbours, relatives, and others in the community, such as membersof the same church, to intervene in the domestic violence situation.  Participants indicated their perception that whilst this was often dueto a fear of getting involved or knowing how to help the situation,there were repeated occurrences in everyone’s experience where anunwillingness to intervene derived from others’ implications that theman of the house had some right to choose the way in which thehousehold operated, or that he had a right to discipline his wife /girlfriend and children as he saw fit.   Wendy reports hearing an auntstate â€Å"Well, its his family, their kids, she wants to stay with him,†and dismiss the ongoing violence as therefore an acceptable familylifestyle, or at least one in which none of the rest of the familyshould be expected to intervene.   Participants then a cknowledged thisand several other systemic situations that perpetuated their abuse,such as reluctance of authority figures to continue questioning wheninitially told nothing was wrong, and unwillingness of police tointervene repeatedly.   Similarly, regarding gender roles, discussion indicated a belief bymost participants that their social workers believed a traditionalstereotype of what was appropriate behaviour for a man and a woman, andthat these behaviours were different.   There were reports of acceptanceof physical response as an appropriate masculine reaction, but thelevel of physical response not being considered appropriate.   Maleparticipants were encouraged to talk about their experiences, butreport never being given permission to express fear, or an emotionalresponse such as crying.   One male participant reported starting to cryas part of a group experience, and being discouraged rather thanencouraged to continue, whilst female members of the group were allowedt o and even supported in such emotional expression.   There were similarreports of various hegemonically feminine expressions, such as crying,fear, and nurturing behaviours, being supported and encouraged bysocial workers for male family members but not female, as well as anacceptance or assumption of weakness on the part of adult females whochose to remain in an abusive situation.The discussion then moved to the effect of traditional and feministperspective on social work service.   Participants overwhelminglyreported feeling better served when social workers sought to empowerthem and their families.   This did usually involve practise of methodsderived from a feminist view, such as the use of reflective journalingand support groups, as well as encouragement from the social workers tothe mother that she could, indeed, survive and prosper outside thedomestic violence situation, that she did have the inner reserves toaddress the situation and move to a healthier lifestyle, and t hatsocietal pressure to be with a man, either as a romantic partner or asa father / father-figure for children was not necessary for asuccessful life.   Participants also report feeling personally empoweredby such encouragement, and therefore able to support their mothers inattempts to leave relationships.From their own study in social work theory, focus group participantswere able to briefly discuss the ramifications of the patriarchalsocietal power structure on a woman’s decision to stay in a violentsituation.   One issue brought up included the perception that societywill view a woman as a failure and undesirable if she does not have aromantic relationship with a man in her life.   A number of womenparticipants in the group reported feeling similar pressure to maintaina romantic relationship with a man in their life, regardless of theirother commitments or interests, and an expectation that they would notbe successful women if they did not ultimately get married and havechildren.   When questioned by other participants, the three maleparticipants reported not feeling such pressures.   Another issue raisedwas the mothers’ perception that they needed a father figure tosuccessfully raise children, particularly boys.   This was perpetuatedin the life experiences of group participants even though the menoccupying these roles were viewed by the male participants asdestructive, rather than constructive, influences.   Issues of supportin disciplining children and managing household operations were alsoindicated, as was the financial support provided by the batterer.   Thegroup indicated all these issues were societal, rather than individual,and lack of addressing of them affected the effectiveness of the socialservices they had received.Overall, the participants were generally positive about at least onesocial worker with whom they had a relationship during their teenageyears.   Participants typically felt feeling most encouraged and bestserved by those social workers who did not present themselves as beingdistant or above the participants and their families, and who did notoverly emphasise their family’s issues from a perspective of individualdysfunction.   These findings indicated that a feminist interactiveconstruct, which avoids â€Å"power over† methods and practise is perceivedto be most effective by domestic violence survivors. RECOMMENDATIONS It is recommended from findings of this study that social workersare first provided greater exposure to and training in feminist methodsand theory as it relates to their practical, day-to-day practise.   Forexample, all participants reported some positive experiences inresponse to reflective methods such as reflective journaling andsurvivor support groups.   Considerations of ways to more greatlyinclude such methods in typical practise are therefore indicated.   Of greater concern are the systems in which social workers operate.  Whilst most of the social workers in these focus group participants’experiences had some familiarity with feminist theory or methods, asindicated by their emphasis on empowerment or use of specificstrategies, there is something within the government-sponsored socialservices structure that prohibits practise truly based on feministtenets.   A sharp contrast was provided by the young woman served at aprogressive, private service, where feminis t theory was the obviousframework on which service was based.   She was by far the most positiveabout her experiences and workers, and reported insights, understandingand empowerment to change not consistently reported by other focusgroup participants.It therefore recommended that more research be pursued as to whatfactors constrain social workers from functioning from a more feministframework.   Issues such as time (many social workers have far morepeople to see and serve than they would like to have, or often feelthey can serve effectively), lack of material resources such asappropriate space, lack of effective training, or discouragement insuch regards from supervisors or others in power.   Specificallyidentifying relevant factors could then form a framework forprogressing with change in social work practise within a typicalgovernment service organisation.It is further recommended that individual social workers consider whatconstraints they persona

Short Interfering RNA Essay -- Biology

missing figures Background Information RNA inference (RNAi) was first discovered in Cenorhabditis elegans nearly a decade ago and have been revolutionizing gene-function analysis ever since. This discovery began the process by which scientists work with a known gene sequence and attempt to define its biological function by disrupting its activity in vivo. It involves the introduction of homologous double stranded RNA (dsRNA) to specifically target a gene's product and to disrupt the function of that gene in vivo. The resulting effects on an animal are referred to as a phenocopy due to the fact that it copies the phenotype of a loss-of-function mutation of that gene, but is not really inherited like how a true gene deletion would be. Despite the variety of technologies, this was not possible before due to the lack of genome information. The advances in gene sequencing throughout the past couple of years have allowed various usages of available technology to go after any gene and try to identify the gene, as well as to understand its specific function. Once the sequence is known, an open reading frame can be obtained to find a specific coding region of a gene by looking for the universal start codon, AUG, and the universal stopping codon, UAA, UUA, or UAG. From there, RNAi can be introduced into cells of certain organisms, with dsRNA as the interfering agent that can result in the destruction and degradation of a sequence specific messenger RNA (mRNA) that mimics a loss-of-function phenotype. In other words, RNAi is a very efficient and highly specific way in which to inactivate gene function and can serve as an alternative to gene knockouts, or the conventional antisense technology. The mechanism of how dsRNA results in... ...of a marker gene and a hairpin expression cassette in a viral vector would allow single-cell or mosaic analysis of gene function. †¢ It may be possible in the future to apply this process of hairpin siRNA synthesis to studies of neurogenesis and differentiation in mammals. The information contained in this website comes from (or was sought out because of) the paper entitled "RNA interference by expression of short-interfering RNAs and hairpin RNAs in mammalian cells" written by Dr. Jenn-Yah Yu, Dr. Stacy L. DeRuiter, and Dr. David L. Turner at the University of Michigan's Department of Biological Chemistry. Citations: DeRuiter, Stacy. Yu, Jenn-Yah. Turner, David L. "RNA interference by expression of short-interfering RNAs and hairpin RNAs in mammalian cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. Vol. 99, Issue 9, 6047-6052, April 30, 2002

Pictorial Narratives: Hogarth’s Marriage àla Mode Essay -- Essays Pa

Pictorial Narratives: Hogarth’s Marriage à   la Mode One of Hogarth’s bitterest satires, Marriage à   la Mode, showed the disastrous results of a marriage of convenience concluded between the son of a poverty-stricken nobleman and the daughter of an aspiring merchant (Jarrett 88). Yet this background information is not necessary to appreciate each painting independently. From the first painting, in which the ambitious fathers of the couple exchange money and titles, to the final two prints that show the husband and wife’s melodramatic deaths, each of the six prints tells both a episode in the story of this doomed arranged marriage and a story in and of itself. The first two Marriage à   la Mode prints, The Marriage Settlement and Shortly After the Marriage, both contain numerous works of art, architecture, period dress and other carefully placed props that allow each work to tell a story without being dependent on the context of the series. Because of its immense detail, The Marriage Contract is perhaps one of the easiest prints to appreciate. Even without any prior knowledge of this work, an inexperienced art critic can still ascertain that the scene takes place in an aristocratic home. Copies of paintings after the old masters hang in gilt frames, the ceiling is painted and the walls hung with green damask. Two men sit at a table in some sort of business transaction, as evidenced by the presence of three lawyers, numerous documents and money. The gentleman on the right’s portrait hangs on the wall above the table, indicating that the deal is being brokered in his home. He is correspondingly dressed in fine clothes, whereas the other gentleman is more modestly attired. The skill with which Hogarth has represented the swelling aristocratic pride of the Earl and the lower-bred, commercial demeanor of the Sheriff was regarded by eighteenth-century critics, best acquainted with the social manners of their age, as masterly (Webster 103). A document that reads â€Å"Marriage Settlement of the Rt. Honble Lord Viscount Squanderfield† rests in the hand of the non-artistocratic gentleman, his careful perusal of the document indicating that he is the bride’s father. In turn, he has handed over a sum of money to the Viscount’s father (who the inexperienced viewer can assume holds the title earl). In turn, the Earl points to his contribution to the marriag... ...m each other. The Roman bust with a broken nose on the mantle and the painting above it, featuring Cupid playing a song on the bagpipes ironically titled â€Å"O Happy Groves† amidst falling ruins, suggest the similarly ruined and collapsing state of the couple’s marriage. Hogarth's remarkably exuberant satire of marriage for money, his pungent details of upper-class life, and his mastery of complex scenes find perhaps their highest expression in this series, generally considered his finest work. (Encarta). Although critics have commented that the series progresses somewhat abruptly, with little idea of what occurs in between the six scenes, rarely is any one painting referred to independent of the others. But because of the complexity of each scene, the paintings, The Marriage Contract and The Tà ©te-à  -Tà ©te in particular, can easily stand by themselves as brilliant satires of arranged marriage in the 18th century. Such is the genius of Hogarth. Works Cited Hallett, Mark. Hogarth. London: Phaidon Press, 2000. Jarrett, Derek. England in the Age of Hogarth. London: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon Ltd, 1974. Webster, Mary. Hogarth. Danbury, CT: MasterWorks Press, 1984.

Memorable Moments with My Sibling Essay

A relationship with a sibling is everlasting: last longer than the bond with a spouse, parent, or friend. Have you ever thought about the times you have spent with your siblings? Those are memorable moments that I would always cherish. The bond with my sibling taught me many lessons in life. My childhood relationship with my sibling has changed since I became an adult. The communication and the people we associate with had changed between us. During any oppression we had gone through, our love still remains the same. Since adolescence my younger sister, Genesis, and I were inseparable. We were like the cartoon characters Tom and Jerry. Genesis used to tell me everything; I was like her secret diary. For example, Genesis would come home to our two bedroom apartment from Attucks Middle school and used to tell me how wonderful or miserable her day went. When she had a delightful day coming home would be satisfying and a little annoying for me. She would tell me how stunning a boy was in her class and was disturbing for me. I didn’t want to hear about her Prince Charming. However, you could tell when she had a dreadful day, she would come home slamming the front door and leaving an echo in the vague hallway. She would run to our cluttered room and jump on her twin size bed. Walking towards her I could hear her calling my name â€Å"Eric†. I said â€Å"Genesis are you feeling ok, what’s wrong? † Genesis said â€Å"There is a boy in my math class calling me a nerd. † I would then comfort her by giving her a hug and tell her not  to worry. You know what they call nerds in the future? Boss! † I said. Genesis always felt safe around me I was there to protect her from any harm like a father figure. However, I joined the United States Army; our molded relationship became more distant. I would only see her physically when important events occurred. For instance, I saw her three months after I graduated from basic training in Fort Jackson, South Carolina. Communicating through Skype and the six hours difference between Germany and Florida makes it difficult to talk my sister. Our daily conversation about are experiences since we were younger became weekly or monthly as we matured. Overall, age and the distance between us had caused our connection to fade. When I was younger I used to consider Genesis annoying, because of her eager desire to hang out with my friends living around Coolidge Street, Florida. For example, when I got invited to house parties, Genesis assumed she was automatically invited. Of course she was wrong; a house full of 18 year old teenagers partying had no business interacting with a 14 year old girl. As I got older Genesis became a young adult; the age difference didn’t seem to matter anymore. Now that Genesis became mentally matured, she is acceptable to be in my group of friends. A couple of my friends spend time with my sister watching movies and taking her to different vicinities. My sister and friends took a trip to Rapids Water Park in West Palm Beach, Florida. They enjoyed having a blast in the refreshing pool and the water coasters. In brief, since my sister and I share common friends, we socialize more than the past. The love between my sister and I will remain the same. Even through any tribulation that had occurred toward us, we would always be there for each other. For example, my sister would try to hide the fact that she had a fear of crossing the road every morning to the bus stop; I had an intuition that she was, so every morning at 5 o’clock I would walk my sister five blocks and cross  the street with her to the bus stop, sacrificing two hours of my sleep to ensure that she would arrive safely and according to schedule. Genesis is currently nineteen years old, she had two car accidents and is going through some hardships because she is unemployed and her insurance bill went up. I manage to help her financially until she’s on her feet. Vice versa she also helps motivate me with her encouraging words and accomplishments. She graduated top ten percent of her graduating class and did early admissions while in high school. I was discouraged to enroll into University of Maryland University College while being in the military; by her achievements I was inspired to enroll into UMUC and take a writing 101s course. As you can see, during any discomfort Genesis and I will go through, we will always take care of each other. In conclusion, since childhood my relationship with my sister has changed, our communication had faded over time. Some of the friends we spend time with, are the same. When we had gone through any problems, we would help each other. Why is our bond so strong? We had been there for each other our whole life. Even the distance between us, would never break our love for one another.

Cleopatra’s dramatic Essay

This request displays Cleopatras dramatic, management seeking and indulgent side. She crapper be rattling histrionic which becomes much perspicuous throughout the scene. Cleopatras words excessively portray her as a very manipulative person, able to bend pile to her will. Cleopatras unexpected actions are what fascinates Antony and keeps him bony to her. This could partly be the reason why Antonys Egyptian side has such a fortified hold everywhere him.Furthermore, Cleopatras dramatic words commove Antony of organism unfaithful O, never was at that place tycoon/ So mightily betrayed This once more shows Cleopatra as being manipulative, jealous and argumentative a unenviable aspect of her character. Her record is very self-pitying and manipulative, she is accusing Antony and there is postal code he could say to please her. He cannot defy or deal with her assertable part of what makes her so fascinating and intriguing. wherefore it can once again be seen that Sha kespeares creation of Cleopatra as a manipulation and captivating character plays around part in Antonys wave-particle dichotomy of character.Her hold over her lover is likewise strong and is making Antony a more Egyptian, hedonistic lover than a align Roman of his past.The audience are start-off introduced to Antony through the comments of Philo at the very get of the play, and the audience are informed of the duality of character in Antony. Philo begins by describing how he feels that Antonys love for Cleopatra is out of control and damaging him and his reputation Nay, but this second childhood of our generals/ Oerflows the measure. Philo continues with His sea captains heart,Which in the scuffles of spacious fights hath belchThe buckles on his breast, reneges all temper,And is become the bawl and the fanTo cool a capital of Italys lustfulness.This refers to Antonys past greatness as a soldier a true Roman hero. Philo feels like Antonys love for Cleopatra has overpowe red him and destroyed what he once was. Philo then describes Antony as one of the troika pillar of the world transformed/ Into a strumpets fool. This shows the Roman disdain for Cleopatra, which is conveyed throughout the play. None of the Romans have a good thing to say to the highest degree her and disregard her. The hugely eminent and powerful, smart as a whip Antony has been utterly diminished by his crushed leather and obsession with Cleopatra. Philo once again makes abduce to Antonys past greatnessSometimes, when he is not Antony,He comes too trivial of that great propertyWhich still should go with Antony.It reminds the audience how great Antony was as a great roman, a great leader, strong politician and statesman. Through the conversation of Philo and Demetrius, it can therefore be seen that Antony is indeed caught in a tug-of-war between his Roman and Egyptian unwaveringty ties. He is supposedly loyal to capital of Italy, yet he is loyal to Cleopatra and the inhabita nts of her body politic in Egypt.In conclusion, it is the differing characters comments and views that bring out the duality in Antonys character in mask One. The comments from Antony uncover an underlying battle within himself, a battle fought by both his Egyptian and Roman side. Antony himself acts madly in love with Cleopatra, yet aside, he seems to have sex that his real loyalty lies with Rome, and his love with the queen can only lead to demolition and danger.Octavius Caesars remarks inform the audience of Antonys past as a great and respected soldier of Rome. This reinforces the audiences view of Antonys character office and allows the audience to fully appreciate the difficult choice that Antony will have to make. In addition, Cleopatras comments on her lover lend the audience her true personality traits of being manipulative and dramatic. These qualities fascinate Antony and encourage his lust and strengthen his Egyptian loyalty ties. Finally, Philos own observations of Antony give the notion of Cleopatra being a poison that has transformed Antony from a fully pledged guardian of Rome to an irresponsible and pleasure seeking fool.

Wagner Matinee

English 1011 3 December 2009 A Journey by dint of Life Life is every(prenominal) last(predicate) told round qualitys. Even the simplest survival could turn a situation around and further pre campaign the future of an individual for eer. I rear Willa Cathers short story A Wagner Matinee very interesting. It deals with contrary levels of choices, slightly which competency tinge the characters deportment slightly, mend early(a) choices may affect their entire animationtime. The course the story is compose secures the indorser speculate a dole proscribed closely the levelts that occur a grand the sort.It fertilize-up the ghosts the reader wondering how the situation the characters are to go out is full(a)ly affected by the choice of ending that is do. Many psychologists lease assay and still try to research and explicate the way humans cipher and tiller their own ratiocinations by theories, views, and models. There are many psychologists who contri neverthelesse their lives in govern to examine the similarity amid terminations and their consequences. It is purge to possessher that close to of the findings are finished experiences, stereotypes and individualized views.The story starts with the narrator, Clark, receiving a earn from his uncle, Howard. In the garner thither is a nonice stating that his aunt, Georgiana, is coming to Boston for the settling of her relationals estate. However, when he reads the letter he nonices that Uncle Howard postp unitaryd sending the letter until the hold meaning possible, be motive the date that is noned for his aunts arrival to township is the very close day. Clark describes the letter as worn and rubbed, aspect as If it had been carried for some days in a coat pocket that was non alike clean (Cather 201).It shows how his uncles poor finish could carry turned out if he had delayed sending the letter for one extra day or if Clark was not at folk that day to perplex it. When Clark expresses his feelings toward his aunt he states how important and emotive she was on his childhood. She was the one who taught him about medical specialty, Shakespeare, mythology, and Latin. If not for her, he would make up been just an frequent farmer son who knows no subject about education.Thus, it is crystalize how humbled he would allow gotten with himself and his uncle if he would surrender received the letter late and flattened his aunts arrival. Decision avoidance is a style of avoiding do a choice by postponing it or by desire an patrician way out that involves neither pull through nor change. It usually results from causal agency and emotion. As mentioned in the Psychological Bulletin by Christopher J. Anderson infra conditions of high stress, this avoidance can receive extreme. Take, for example, the old sergeant syndrome described by Janis and Mann (1977b).Infantry on the front lines of battle for long periods, witnessing the death of com rades and having no hope of transfer, rush been known to ignore finales required to cling to themselves under fire or from role safety hazards. For them, purpose avoidance cost lives. There are four occurrences that had been discussed by researches Status quo, omission, Inaction inaction, and Deferral. There is no requirement for the discussion of all four phenomena, since they all are all related to former outcomes and feed linchpin.Decision avoidance is do when facing a decision c at one timerning a valuable thing to the decision maker. For a somebody there is usually only one run a risk to make the right decision, only sometimes when the person gauges about the options of the possible consequences it draws him or her back, especially if there is a calamity of discrepancy, loss, or regret. In the decision made by Uncle Howard, the crusade for postponing the letter until the last moment world power energize been for miscellaneous reasons.Some of the reasons could b e that he superpower have knew how puzzled she ordain be when she goes back to her home town, he might have thought how much he would miss her when she exit be forth, thought of their kids, or was afraid of her staying for a much longer time at her familys house. Although Clark got upset with his uncle for the fact that he sent the letter so late, Uncle Howard probably did not think of it the way Clark did and he definitely did not mean to do that so Clark would not have the chance of seeing his aunt. The morsel choice is made by Clark.After his aunt arrives to town he determines to ready her to an opera house the next day, since she apply to be a music teacher and admires classical music, to recall her for some of the glorious moments she had given him (Cather 202). Although, when he talks with her, he becomes worried that she would not enjoy it. She has not seen an opera ever since she motilityd to Nebraska, which was cardinal historic period ago. Also, she seems to b e interested more in the changes of the city, and keeps on talking about the small footling worries that she has about the house she just go away for a couple of days, than in reflection a c erstrt. Once they enter the pera hall, it is the setoff time Clark keep an eye ons her observing her surroundings. However, he feels uneasiness that she might become embarrassed of her clothing. She is eating away a black, country, dress, while all the other city-women where dressed in shiny vibrant dresses. For her, it felt as if she footprintped back into the universe she has longed for over the days she was in Nebraska. Although she does not seem to show any feelings, which makes Clark even more disappointed in the noisome decision he had made. Egon Brunswik, who was a thriving psychologist in the mid ordinal degree Celsius, imagine a model of social perception.It was named The lens system Model. The aspect of it is how the way individuals think they see in others usually det ermines the way they treat and respond to them. The lens in this model represents the way the person sees the environment which is affected by his or her opinions, ideas, and foregoing experiences. Therefore, this is the main reason Clark was concerned for his aunt. Since every(prenominal) person is aware that he or she has a different prospect through his or her own lens Clark did not motivation his aunt to be self-conscious if somebody looks at her in an indelicate way.Clark is in like manner very concerned that it is in any case much for his aunt to take in, since he recalls and says to the reader I could feel how all those details sank into her soul, for I had not bury how they had sunk into mine when I came angelic from ploughing forever and forever between green aisles of corn, where, as in a treadmill, one might walk from morn to dusk without perceiving a shadow of change (Cather 203). However, the moment the initial tune is hear in the air is when aunt Georgiana first displays emotions.She grasps on Clarks sleeve, and he realizes that for her , this stone-broke a silence of thirty years (Cather 203). Then he assures himself that, certainly, the concert might have been a good choice after all. Although she keeps silent throughout the concert, Clark observes her and the way she reacts to the different melodies. Lastly, the third choice that is made by Aunt Georgiana was made thirty years earlier, when she was in her younger years. She washed-out her childhood in Boston and was used to the city sprightliness.However, when she grew up, she fell in bash with Uncle Howard while confering a hamlet in the Green Mountains where her relatives had settled in the past. Her family and friends opposed her decision, but she followed her heart and wed him anyhow. Then she moved with him to the Nebraska frontier, where they lived since. blind by respect, she was not aware of the consequences of her decision and the dramatic change and affect it was t o cause to her life. She moved from everything she knew, even from her sophisticated and improve self, to a post she was not expecting. She gave up all she had for the sake of love.Her life changed her from be a music teacher at the Boston Conservatory, to being in the vault of heaven and living a country life. It is just about evident that she was not very joyful with the decision she made when Clark was studying from some of her music books in his young years and she came up to him and told him not to love music so well, or it may be taken away. (Cather 202) This shows how depressed she got after she recognise the mistake she made and the pornographic commit she gave for something that might have faded away after a while, and it is obvious that she would take it back if she could, for any price.Also when she arrives to Boston she seems as if she tries not to get attached to the city too much, for she allow for have to die it again in a egress of days. When Clark tells her about the concert and suggests visiting the Conservatory, he might have not realized at first the real reason that made her avoid the plan, but the reason she did it was because she did not deprivation to visit these places so the memories would not come back to her and make her even more depressed than she will be. She was trying to avoid reality.However, when Clark took her to the opera she starts to notice the differences between the life she could have stayed in and the life she chose to take. Instead of being in the colorful and happy life, teaching what she is approximately passionate about to future generations, she chose to move to the county side, do labor work every single day, and live a dumb routine that she had no interest in. Yet, once the Prize Song is played Clark notices that tear start falling from her eyes. Soon he learns from her that she heard it times before by a German boy who sang in a chorus of his town in his youth.She had told him to join the coun try church, but he disappeared shortly after he got himself drunk, lost his money, and a bet, which left him with a fractured collar-bone. The reason that this song shook her emotions might have been because when the young boy came to town he re wited her of herself when she made the same decision when she was younger. Although he lost everything, the German boy was able to manage and leave town, in contrast to her. Sigmund Freud gave the belief that decision reservation is irrational a very best-selling(predicate) voice in the early twentieth century.The early work of the psychologist J. R. Simon in the mid-twentieth century also argued against classical rationality in decisional processes. It led to the Bounded Rationality get, which says that race are thought to seeking or achieving a satisfactory outcome, quite than the best possible outcome when reservation decisions. An equivalent and famous example for this view, which was also made by Aunt Georgiana, is the conglutina tion of two individuals who fall in love but have completely different backgrounds and interests.In some situations, the need for a decision a improvements from the realization that an earlier decision was do by and that it is not producing the desired results. For example, when the concert is over, while every one in the listening stands up and gets ready to leave the opera hall, Clarks kinswoman makes no effort to rise (Cather 205). Even after the men of the orchestra leave the stage, she keeps sitting in her place. Once Clark speaks with his aunt, rupture start rolling on her cheeks and she weeps, relative him, I dont want to go, Clark, I dont want to go (Cather 205).Finally, her real emotions come out she is not able to hold them in any longer. She knows that once she will step out of that building she will have to go back to the reality she put herself into, and she does not want to face it once again. During her short visit to Boston she prepare out that everything she lo nged for during this thirty-years period was indeed the life she wanted and dreamt of in her youth, and she knows that this time she will have to make the ultimate decision in which she will have to give up on a big part of her, either her country life and her family, or the one thing she is just about passionate about, which is music.In this part of the story, it is very clear to the reader that the experiences and the events that happened in Aunt Georgianas past could affect her decision for adult or good. Although sometimes people receipt the right decision they have to make, but a bad experience or an outcome from such a decision in the past would trigger them to decide otherwise. She will have to think if she will be happier with finally redeeming the vilify choice she made when she was young and in-love, or if she will go back to the place in which she finds no interest or excitement.This short story without a inquiry contains and shows different choices and their diverse consequences and effects on a persons life. First, if Uncle Howard had not sent the letter on time, Aunt Georgiana might not have went to visit her nephew, and in return, she would have went back home without having to go through an emotional jaunt that left her with an even larger decision to make.Secondly, if Clark would have gave up on taking her to the concert they would have probably through with(p) something else to spend the time, and it might had or had not been easier for Aunt Georgiana to go back home. Also, the most affective decision that was made by the characters is a choice that most people have to make during their lifetime whether to get married to the person they are in love with or follow a greater passion which is of a greater importance to them.Despite the situation however, a person should always make the decision with what their mind tells them, not their heart, because the mind thinks about the consequences quicker and more accurately than the heart does. Meaning, when a person is blinded by the object he or she wants to achieve and have in his or her life, they usually tend to want it without thinking about the wide range of consequences and changes it will make to his or her life. A person might think a decision is easy.However, simplest choices can have far reaching consequences. Abelson, Robert P. , Schank, Roger C. , and Langer, Ellen J. Beliefs, reasoning, and decision making psycho-logic in honor of Bob Abelson. impertinent Jersey, 1994. Anderson, Christopher J. The Psychology of Doing Nothing Forms of Decision scheme Result From Reason and Emotion. Phsycological Bulliten Vol. 129, (2003) 139167. Wolf, Bernhard. University of Landau, Germany. 2005. University of Landau, Germany. 27 Nov. 2009. .